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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

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Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells
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Chronic Heart Failure and Inflammation: What Do We Really Know?

Sarah A Dick1, Slava Epelman2

  • 1From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.); University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.E); Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.); and Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.A.D, S.E.).

Circulation Research
|June 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Chronic heart failure (HF) pathogenesis requires understanding the immune system's role after initial injury. Current knowledge gaps exist regarding inflammation's causative impact on established chronic HF progression.

Keywords:
cardiomyopathiescytokineheart failureimmune systeminflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Increasing survival rates from cardiac events necessitate understanding chronic heart failure (HF) pathogenesis.
  • While acute inflammation and repair are studied, the immune system's role in established chronic HF remains unclear.
  • Chronic HF is linked to inflammatory cytokines, but their causal role in disease progression is not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on inflammation in chronic heart failure (HF).
  • To identify gaps in understanding the immune system's contribution to established chronic HF.
  • To highlight areas for future research in HF pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of human and animal studies on inflammation in chronic HF.
  • Analysis of existing data on inflammatory cytokines and clinical outcomes in HF patients.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of immune system involvement in HF progression.

Main Results:

  • Initial inflammatory and reparative responses influence chronic HF trajectory.
  • Circulating inflammatory cytokines in chronic HF predict outcomes but causation is uncertain.
  • Clinical trials targeting inflammation in chronic HF have yielded largely negative results.

Conclusions:

  • Significant gaps exist in understanding the immune system's role in established chronic heart failure (HF).
  • Further research is crucial to define inflammation's causative contribution to chronic HF progression.
  • Clarifying the immune system's role may reveal new therapeutic targets for chronic HF.