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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence
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Calcium channels in primary cilia.

Surya M Nauli1, Rajasekharreddy Pala, Steven J Kleene

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, California Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
|June 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Primary cilia function is best evaluated by intracellular calcium levels. New tools allow precise measurement of calcium in cilia, revealing their sensory roles and the function of various calcium channels.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Organelle Function
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Primary cilia are crucial organelles involved in embryonic development, organogenesis, health, and disease.
  • Traditionally, ciliary function is assessed by ciliary length or ciliogenesis, but intracellular calcium is a more common readout.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in measuring intracellular calcium within primary cilia.
  • To highlight the role of primary cilia as sensory organelles and the importance of calcium channels within them.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing advanced calcium imaging techniques to examine intracellular calcium in the cilioplasm and cytoplasm.
  • Employing direct electrophysiological measurements of ionic currents within cilia.

Main Results:

  • New tools enable precise localization of intracellular calcium changes within cilia.
  • Calcium imaging and electrophysiology confirm primary cilia as sensory organelles housing functional calcium channels.
  • The relative contributions of different calcium channel types are beginning to be understood.

Conclusions:

  • Intracellular calcium serves as a key functional readout for primary cilia.
  • Primary cilia possess diverse calcium channels essential for sensing various environmental stimuli.