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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide...
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
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Combined Modality Therapy for Rectal Cancer.

Sagar A Patel1, David P Ryan, Theodore S Hong

  • 1From the *Harvard Radiation Oncology Program and †Division of Hematology and Oncology and ‡Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
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Surgery is the primary treatment for rectal cancer. This review examines controversies and advances in neoadjuvant chemoradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer to optimize treatment and improve patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Surgery is the primary curative treatment for rectal cancer.
  • Locally advanced rectal cancer (T3-4 and/or node positive) has high recurrence rates, necessitating adjuvant therapy.
  • Standard treatment involves preoperative chemoradiation and postoperative chemotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current controversies in rectal cancer treatment.
  • To explore opportunities for de-escalating therapy.
  • To discuss advances enabling less invasive surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current clinical investigations.
  • Analysis of controversies in radiation therapy techniques and chemotherapy choices.
  • Evaluation of evolving staging and surgical advancements.

Main Results:

  • Ongoing debates exist regarding optimal radiation fractionation, chemotherapy regimens, and the necessity of postoperative therapy.
  • Improving imaging and surgical techniques may allow for treatment de-escalation.
  • Advances in radiation and systemic therapies can facilitate sphincter-preserving surgery.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to refine treatment protocols for locally advanced rectal cancer.
  • Optimizing neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
  • Balancing treatment efficacy with reduced morbidity is a key goal in rectal cancer management.