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Related Concept Videos

Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism

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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
The most common type is receptor antagonism, where one drug acts as an antagonist to block the effects of another drug by...
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Drug-Receptor Interaction: Antagonist01:28

Drug-Receptor Interaction: Antagonist

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An antagonist is a drug that binds strongly to a receptor without activating it. An antagonist prevents other molecules, such as neurotransmitters or hormones, from binding to the receptor and triggering a cellular response. Such interaction effectively hinders the normal physiological processes mediated by the receptor, resulting in various pharmacological effects depending on the specific receptor targeted.
Antagonists can be classified as competitive or noncompetitive based on their...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of...
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In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
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Agonism and Antagonism: Quantification01:14

Agonism and Antagonism: Quantification

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When drugs are administered, they can elicit either an agonist or antagonist effect on the body. Agonism occurs when a drug activates a specific receptor, triggering a biological response. On the other hand, antagonism happens when a drug binds to the same receptors but blocks their activation, thereby preventing a biological response.
To quantify these effects, researchers use a dose-response curve, which provides valuable information about the potency and efficacy of a drug. Potency refers to...
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Retraction notice to "The value of ultrasound guidance during IUD insertion in women with RVF uterus: A randomized controlled trial" [J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 50 (2025) 101875].

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LncRNA NEAT1 and MALAT1 are involved in polycystic ovary syndrome pathogenesis by functioning as competing endogenous RNAs to control the expression of PCOS-related target genes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

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Antagonist protocol versus clomiphene in unexplained infertility: A randomized controlled study.

Adel M Nada1, Khaled A ElSetohy1, Moh'd M Banat2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
|June 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The antagonist protocol significantly increased clinical pregnancy rates in intrauterine insemination (IUI) for unexplained infertility compared to clomiphene citrate. This method also yielded more dominant follicles and a higher twin pregnancy rate.

Keywords:
IUILHantagonist protocolclinical pregnancy ratedominant follicles

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Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction
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Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction
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Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Infertility Treatments
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Unexplained infertility affects numerous couples globally.
  • Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a common assisted reproductive technology.
  • Optimizing ovulation induction protocols for IUI is crucial for success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical pregnancy rates and ovulation parameters in unexplained infertility patients undergoing IUI.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of an antagonist protocol versus a clomiphene citrate protocol for IUI.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, randomized controlled, open-label trial involving 622 couples with unexplained infertility.
  • Patients were randomized into either an antagonist protocol group or a clomiphene citrate group.
  • Outcomes included clinical pregnancy rates, dominant follicle count, and twin pregnancy incidence.

Main Results:

  • The antagonist protocol group showed a significantly higher clinical pregnancy rate (27%) compared to the clomiphene group (14%).
  • Mean dominant follicle count was significantly greater in the antagonist group (4.36) versus the clomiphene group (2.71).
  • Twin pregnancy rates were higher in the antagonist group (p=0.047).

Conclusions:

  • The antagonist protocol leads to significantly higher IUI clinical pregnancy rates in unexplained infertility.
  • This protocol also enhances key ovulation parameters, suggesting improved ovarian response.