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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic

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Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
There are two types of nicotinic receptors: neuromuscular (NM/NM/N1) and neuronal (NN/NN/N2). The two families differ based on their location and selectivity to...
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Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

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The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+....
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Parasympathetic Signaling01:30

Parasympathetic Signaling

3.9K
Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
The effects of...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

2.4K
Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
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Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:23

Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

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Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic...
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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices
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Functional interaction between Lypd6 and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Maria Arvaniti1, Majbrit M Jensen2, Neeraj Soni1

  • 1Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|June 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Lynx protein Lypd6 directly binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the human brain, acting as an inhibitor of cholinergic signaling. Perinatal nicotine exposure dysregulates Lypd6, impacting brain function.

Keywords:
LY6/PLAUR domain-containing 6Ly-6Lynxaffinity purificationnicotine

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Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine
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Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration
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Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Local Application of Drugs to Study Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices
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Probing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function in Mouse Brain Slices via Laser Flash Photolysis of Photoactivatable Nicotine
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Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration
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Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are crucial for brain function.
  • Lynx family proteins are known modulators of nAChR activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct interaction between Lypd6 and nAChRs.
  • To identify Lypd6 as a novel regulator of nAChR function.
  • To explore the impact of nicotine exposure on Lypd6 levels.

Main Methods:

  • Protein cross-linking and affinity purification from human brain extracts.
  • Electrophysiological recordings in rat brain slices to measure nicotine-induced currents.
  • Western blotting to assess ERK phosphorylation in PC12 cells.
  • Animal model of perinatal nicotine exposure.

Main Results:

  • Lypd6 directly binds to multiple nAChR subtypes in the human brain.
  • Lypd6 is a synaptically enriched membrane-bound protein.
  • Recombinant Lypd6 inhibits nicotine-induced hippocampal currents and ERK phosphorylation.
  • Perinatal nicotine exposure increases hippocampal Lypd6 levels in adulthood.

Conclusions:

  • Lypd6 is a novel, versatile inhibitor of nAChR-mediated cholinergic signaling in the brain.
  • Lypd6 is dysregulated by early-life nicotine exposure, suggesting developmental implications.