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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
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Translating the epitranscriptome.

Thomas Philipp Hoernes1, Matthias David Erlacher1

  • 1Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|June 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications, like N6-methyladenosine (m6A), are crucial for accurate protein synthesis. Recent research highlights their diverse roles in gene expression and regulation, though many functions remain to be fully understood.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Gene Expression

Background:

  • RNA modifications are essential for protein synthesis accuracy and efficiency.
  • While tRNA and rRNA modifications are well-established, mRNA modifications are a recent area of discovery.
  • Thousands of modified sites in mRNA have been identified using novel experimental techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on co- and post-transcriptional mRNA modifications.
  • To highlight the impact of these modifications on gene expression and protein synthesis.
  • To address the remaining questions regarding the functions of mRNA modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of modified sites in mRNA using novel experimental methods.
  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on mRNA modifications.
  • Analysis of the impact of specific modifications (m6A, Ψ, m5C, m1A) on gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Several mRNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), pseudouridine (Ψ), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A), have been identified in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
  • Some functions of these mRNA modifications have been reported, but many aspects are still elusive.
  • mRNA modifications have the potential to diversify genomic information and regulate RNA expression.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA modifications play a significant role in regulating protein synthesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the versatile roles of mRNA modifications in gene expression.
  • Understanding mRNA modifications is key to comprehending the complexity of the transcriptome.