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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
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Overview of the Heart01:07

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The heart, a muscular organ located in the chest, functions as the body's pump, circulating blood through the vascular system. It has four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles below. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes it to the right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and transfers it to the left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body.
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Development of the Heart01:27

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
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Integrated Transcriptome Map Highlights Structural and Functional Aspects of the Normal Human Heart.

Maria Caracausi1, Allison Piovesan1, Lorenza Vitale1

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Summary

This study created a comprehensive gene expression map of the human heart using Transcriptome Mapper (TRAM) software. This reference map aids in understanding heart function, identifying reference genes, and investigating genetic conditions like Down syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The human heart's transcriptome is complex and not fully characterized.
  • Understanding gene expression is crucial for diagnosing and treating cardiac diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a quantitative reference map of the normal human heart transcriptome.
  • To identify potential reference genes and analyze gene stoichiometry.
  • To investigate the role of chromosome 21 genes in cardiovascular defects associated with Down syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic meta-analysis of 32 gene expression profiling datasets.
  • Integration of data using Transcriptome Mapper (TRAM) software.
  • In silico analysis validated by independent in vitro experiments.

Main Results:

  • Generated a reference map of 43,360 human heart transcripts.
  • Visualized gene and chromosomal expression patterns correlating with heart histology and physiology.
  • Identified suitable housekeeping reference genes and analyzed gene product stoichiometry.
  • Demonstrated the utility of heart/non-cardiac tissue expression ratios for predicting mutation effects.

Conclusions:

  • The developed transcriptome map provides a global view of gene expression in the human heart.
  • This resource aids in understanding normal heart structure, function, and pathophysiology.
  • The findings have implications for genetic research, particularly concerning Down syndrome and cardiovascular defects.