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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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mRNA modifications: Dynamic regulators of gene expression?

Thomas Philipp Hoernes1, Alexander Hüttenhofer1, Matthias David Erlacher1

  • 1a Division of Genomics and RNomics, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.

RNA Biology
|June 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

RNA modifications within messenger RNAs (mRNAs) regulate gene expression by influencing translation. These modifications, including N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A), can alter protein synthesis, yield, and amino acid sequence.

Keywords:
Gene expressionmRNA modificationsribosometranslation regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • Post-transcriptional Modification

Background:

  • Gene expression is tightly regulated through various mechanisms.
  • RNA modifications in messenger RNA (mRNA) coding sequences are emerging regulators.
  • Key modifications include N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A), 5-methylcytosine (m(5)C), pseudouridine (Ψ), and N(1)-methyladenosine (m(1)A).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mRNA modifications in regulating gene expression.
  • To explore the direct interplay between mRNA modifications and ribosomal translation efficiency and fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic in vitro studies were conducted.
  • Analysis focused on the effects of specific mRNA modifications on translation.

Main Results:

  • mRNA modifications exhibit versatile effects on translation, dependent on type, position, and sequence context.
  • Single modifications can lead to premature termination of protein synthesis.
  • Modifications can reduce peptide yield or alter the amino acid sequence.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA modifications are potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression.
  • These modifications offer a versatile mechanism to fine-tune protein production.