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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
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What Determines the Ice Polymorph in Clouds?

Arpa Hudait1, Valeria Molinero1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 30, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atmospheric ice crystals primarily form hexagonal ice from vapor, not disordered ice, except under extreme supersaturation. This finding clarifies ice polymorph formation in clouds and has implications for atmospheric aerosol interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric chemistry and physics
  • Materials science
  • Computational chemistry

Background:

  • Ice crystal formation impacts climate by influencing light scattering and water vapor content.
  • Previous research suggested metastable stacking disordered ice forms from supercooled water, but ice grown from vapor remained undetermined.
  • The structure of ice grown from vapor is crucial for understanding atmospheric processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the ice structure formed by water vapor uptake in relevant atmospheric temperature ranges.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ice formation at the vapor interface.
  • To compute free energy differences between cubic and hexagonal ice interfaces with vapor.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale molecular simulations were employed.
  • Simulations analyzed ice growth from water vapor deposition.
  • Free energy calculations were performed for ice-vapor interfaces.

Main Results:

  • Vapor deposition yields stacking disordered ice only under extreme supersaturation, forming a nonequilibrium liquid layer.
  • At moderate supersaturations (200–260 K), hexagonal ice exclusively grows from vapor.
  • Cubic ice is disfavored due to bulk and significant interfacial free energy penalties, especially at the hexagonal ice-vapor interface.

Conclusions:

  • Hexagonal ice is the dominant polymorph grown from vapor in cirrus and mixed-phase clouds.
  • Stacking disorder in ice grown from vapor may occur at very low temperatures (tropical tropopause, polar stratospheric clouds).
  • Selective growth of cubic ice is feasible at ice-liquid interfaces, but not ice-vapor interfaces.