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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Non-ohmic Devices00:51

Non-ohmic Devices

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In most substances, the current flow is proportional to the voltage applied to it. A simple relationship between the values of current, voltage, and resistance is known as Ohm's law. Nonohmic devices do not exhibit a linear relationship between voltage and current. One such device is the semiconducting circuit element known as a diode. A diode is a circuit device that allows current flow in only one direction.
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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
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MOSFET Amplifiers01:17

MOSFET Amplifiers

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The MOSFET, when operating in its active region, functions as a voltage-controlled current source. In this region, the gate-to-source voltage controls the drain current. This principle underlies the operation of the transconductance MOSFET amplifier. The output current is directed through a load resistor to convert this amplifier into a voltage amplifier. The output voltage is then obtained by subtracting the voltage drop across the load resistance from the supply voltage. This process results...
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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Hetero-core III-V/Si microlaser.

Chee-Wei Lee, Doris Keh-Ting Ng, Ai Ling Tan

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed novel optically pumped microlasers using III-V and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials. This design enables efficient heterogeneous laser-on-chip integration without complex vertical coupling mechanisms.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Microlasers are crucial for integrated photonic circuits.
    • Heterogeneous integration of III-V materials with silicon photonics offers enhanced functionalities.
    • Existing methods for III-V on silicon integration can be complex and costly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and demonstrate a novel hetero-core microlaser architecture.
    • To achieve continuous wave laser operation in small-diameter devices.
    • To provide a simplified approach for heterogeneous laser-on-chip integration.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of hetero-core cavities using III-V and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) layers.
    • Wafer bonding of III-V and SOI layers via a SiO2 interlayer.
    • Optical pumping and characterization of microlaser performance.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstration of optically pumped microlasers with diameters down to 2 μm.
    • Achieved a mode volume of 0.07λ³ and a quality factor of 1.3×10⁴.
    • Continuous wave laser operation confirmed in the fabricated devices.

    Conclusions:

    • The hetero-core cavity design offers a viable alternative for laser-on-chip applications.
    • The demonstrated architecture simplifies heterogeneous integration by eliminating the need for dedicated vertical coupling.
    • This approach paves the way for more compact and efficient photonic integrated circuits.