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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Echinoderm systems for gene regulatory studies in evolution and development.

Maria Ina Arnone1, Carmen Andrikou1, Rossella Annunziata1

  • 1Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, villa comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|July 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary Developmental Biology uses echinoderms to study how gene regulatory networks (GRNs) evolve. Advances reveal conserved regulatory kernels, circuit co-option, and network changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Developmental Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Understanding the genetic basis of developmental changes is a key challenge.
  • Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) are crucial for development and evolution.
  • Echinoderms offer a valuable model system for studying GRN evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the evolution of GRNs using echinoderm systems.
  • To highlight key findings from comparative developmental studies.
  • To focus on conserved regulatory elements, co-option events, and network topology.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analyses.
  • Systems biology approaches.
  • Review of recent technological innovations in echinoderm research.

Main Results:

  • Identification of conserved regulatory kernels in echinoderm GRNs.
  • Evidence for circuit co-option events driving evolutionary novelty.
  • Analysis of topological rearrangements in GRN evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Echinoderms provide a powerful model for understanding GRN evolution.
  • Developmental changes are significantly influenced by regulatory alterations.
  • Future research can further elucidate the mechanisms of GRN evolution.