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Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

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Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Moisture Content and Bulking of Aggregate01:10

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The moisture content of aggregates is a crucial factor in construction, particularly in concrete mixing, as it influences the total water required in the mix. Moisture content represents the water coated on the exterior surface of the aggregate existing in a saturated and surface-dry condition. The total water content of a moist aggregate is the sum of its moisture content and water absorption.
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Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

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Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
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Developing a Penetrometer-Based Mapping System for Visualizing Silage Bulk Density from the Bunker Silo Face.

Menghua Li1, Kerstin H Jungbluth2, Yurui Sun3

  • 1College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, 100083 Beijing, China. lmh@cau.edu.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new mapping system using a penetrometer helps visualize silage bulk density (BD) in bunker silos. This tool aids in assessing packing quality and reducing aerobic deterioration, improving silage production.

Keywords:
bulk densitybunker silomappingmeasurementpenetrometersilage

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Food Science
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • High bulk density (BD) is crucial for silage production to prevent aerobic deterioration caused by oxygen intrusion.
  • Accurate assessment of BD distribution within bunker silos is needed to optimize packing quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a penetrometer-based mapping system for visualizing BD distribution in maize bunker silos.
  • To assess the system's effectiveness in evaluating silage packing quality and aerobic deterioration potential.

Main Methods:

  • A penetrometer-based mapping system was developed, incorporating data processing to filter penetration friction component (PFC) from penetration resistance (PR).
  • Corrected penetration resistance (PRc) was transferred to BD, and Kriged interpolation was used for map generation.
  • The system was tested in a maize bunker silo, generating horizontal and vertical BD distribution maps and comparing results with core sampling data.

Main Results:

  • The developed system generated detailed maps of BD distribution within the bunker silo.
  • Comparison with core sampling data showed good agreement, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 19.175 kg·m(-3).

Conclusions:

  • The penetrometer mapping system provides a viable method for rapid assessment of silage packing quality.
  • This technology can help identify areas prone to aerobic deterioration, thereby improving silage preservation and production efficiency.