Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Soluble Receptors for Tumor Necrosis Factor and Neopterin as Parameters of Cell-Mediated Immune Activation.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2016

Same author

Neopterin production in SCID mice injected with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Immunobiology·2001

Same author

Sleep disturbances and tryptophan in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Lancet (London, England)·2000

Same author

The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction.

Gut·2000

Same author

Intrathecal immune activation is associated with cerebrospinal fluid markers of neuronal destruction in AIDS patients.

Journal of neuroimmunology·2000

Same author

Neopterin-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in type II-like alveolar epithelial cells.

Clinical and experimental immunology·1999

Same journal

Raloxifene inhibits the proliferation of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia by targeting the ANP32B gene and regulating C-MYC expression.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Same journal

Characterization of a novel α-thalassemia deletion (Dongxing deletion; --<sup>DX</sup>) by CNV-seq in a Chinese female with Hb H disease: a case report.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Same journal

Real-world pegcetacoplan treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients with an unsatisfactory response to prior therapies.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Same journal

Distinct clinical, molecular, and treatment response profiles in primary and secondary myelofibrosis: a single-center retrospective study.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Same journal

Sirolimus-based treatment regimens for antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective single-center cohort study.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

Same journal

Relationship between major depressive disorder and venous thromboembolism: a five-ancestry genetic analysis.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

Activated Cellular Immunity in Chronic Hepatitis C.

A Diez-Ruiz^1,2, G Norkrans³, R Wejstal³

¹a Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria.

Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

|July 14, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C involves immune system activation, indicated by elevated neopterin, β2-microglobulin, and interferon-γ in some patients. Chronic active hepatitis showed higher β2-microglobulin, linked to older age.

Keywords:

Chronic Hepatitis C Immune Activation Interferon-g Neopterin b2-microglobulin

More Related Videos

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hepatology
Virology

Background:

Local immune responses are crucial in chronic hepatitis C (HCV) pathogenesis.
HCV infection suggests broader immune system involvement.
Understanding immune markers aids in assessing disease severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate serum levels of immune activation markers in HCV patients.
To correlate these markers with disease activity (chronic active vs. persistent hepatitis).
To explore relationships between age, immune markers, and HCV.

Main Methods:

Measured serum neopterin, β2-microglobulin, and interferon-γ.
Analyzed data from 28 patients with chronic HCV (20 chronic active, 8 chronic persistent).
Correlated marker levels with clinical status and patient age.

Main Results:

Elevated neopterin, β2-microglobulin, and interferon-γ were observed in a subset of patients.
Strong correlation found between serum neopterin and β2-microglobulin.
Chronic active hepatitis patients exhibited higher β2-microglobulin than those with chronic persistent hepatitis.
Older age was associated with increased β2-microglobulin levels.

Conclusions:

Results suggest a stimulated Th1-type immune response in chronic hepatitis C.
Immune activation markers like neopterin and β2-microglobulin are relevant in HCV.
Disease activity and age influence specific immune marker concentrations.