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Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

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Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...
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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
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Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

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Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is...
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Factors Affecting Respiration01:24

Factors Affecting Respiration

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Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Wearable Devices to Identify Central Versus Peripheral Limitations During Exercise
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Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in New York City Runners.

J P Nicholson, D B Case

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |July 14, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Running near urban traffic significantly elevates carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) blood levels in runners and non-runners alike. These increases approach levels seen in smokers, highlighting potential health risks from traffic-related carbon monoxide exposure.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Health
    • Occupational Health
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Urban air pollution poses significant health risks.
    • Carbon monoxide (CO) from traffic is a major urban pollutant.
    • Exposure effects on individuals engaging in outdoor activities are not fully quantified.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in runners exercising near urban traffic.
    • To compare COHb levels in runners versus sedentary individuals exposed to similar traffic conditions.
    • To assess the impact of urban traffic exposure on blood COHb levels.

    Main Methods:

    • Blood COHb levels were measured in 16 NYC runners before and after 30 minutes of exercise.
    • Exercise occurred along a highway and in a park during rush hour.

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  • COHb levels were compared to 10 non-smoking volunteers standing quietly at exercise locations.

    • Main Results:

    • Runners' COHb levels increased significantly during exercise (from 1.7% to 5.1% and 1.3% to 4.2%).
    • Non-runners also showed an increase in COHb levels (from 0.83% to 2.44%).
    • Elevated COHb levels in exposed individuals approached those of chronic cigarette smokers.

    Conclusions:

    • Exercising or standing near urban traffic substantially raises blood COHb levels.
    • Urban traffic exposure can lead to COHb levels comparable to those of smokers.
    • Findings quantify potentially harmful exposure to traffic-related carbon monoxide in urban environments.