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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
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Published on: November 12, 2014

Neuropsychologic effects of saturation diving.

R J Vaernes1, H Kløve, B Ellertsen

  • 1Norwegian Underwater Technology Centre (NUTEC) A/S, Bergen.

Undersea Biomedical Research
|May 1, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Deep saturation diving causes mild-to-moderate neuropsychologic impairments in divers, affecting memory and reactivity. These effects persist, suggesting saturation diving poses risks to cognitive function and autonomic reactivity.

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Neuroscience
  • Diving Medicine

Background:

  • Saturation diving involves prolonged exposure to high ambient pressures.
  • Neuropsychologic effects of saturation diving, especially deep saturation diving, require further investigation.
  • Divers may exhibit pre-existing differences in cognitive and autonomic functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the neuropsychologic status of saturation divers before and after deep saturation diving (DSD) and ordinary saturation diving (SD).
  • To evaluate the long-term effects and potential recovery of cognitive functions after saturation diving.
  • To identify relationships between diving experience, dive characteristics, and neuropsychologic impairments.

Main Methods:

  • Neuropsychologic assessments were conducted on divers before and after DSD (300-500 msw) and SD (3.5 years).

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  • Tests measured tremor, spatial memory, vigilance, and autonomic reactivity.
  • Correlations were analyzed between diving experience, dive variables, and observed impairments.

    • Main Results:

    • 20% of divers in the DSD group showed >10% impairment in tremor, spatial memory, vigilance, and autonomic reactivity post-dive.
    • No significant recovery was observed one year post-dive, except for vigilance.
    • In the SD group, 20% of divers exhibited >10% impairment after 3.5 years, with reduced autonomic reactivity.
    • Low autonomic reactivity pre-dive correlated with more impairments.
    • Increased saturation diving experience and years of diving correlated with greater impairments and reduced autonomic reactivity.

    Conclusions:

    • Saturation diving, particularly deep saturation diving, can lead to mild-to-moderate, persistent neuropsychologic impairments.
    • Deep saturation dives may have effects comparable to 3.5 years of ordinary saturation diving.
    • Repeated deep diving may result in cumulative and more severe cognitive and autonomic dysfunction.