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Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Introduction to Joints00:58

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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation
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Does Running Cause Osteoarthritis?

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Running does not conclusively cause osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease. In fact, regular exercise like running may even help slow the aging process of muscles and bones.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Sports Medicine
    • Rheumatology

    Background:

    • Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent joint disease in the United States, with incidence increasing with age.
    • The exact cause of osteoarthritis remains unknown, affecting both athletes and non-athletes.
    • Pathological abnormalities in weight-bearing joints are common by age 40-50, with 85% of individuals over 75 having diagnosable osteoarthritis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review existing literature on exercise and arthritis.
    • To specifically examine the relationship between running and osteoarthritis.
    • To synthesize findings from epidemiologic and experimental studies in animals and humans.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of epidemiologic studies.
    • Literature review of experimental studies (animals and humans).
    • Focus on studies investigating running and its impact on joint health.

    Main Results:

    • No conclusive evidence supports running as a cause of osteoarthritis.
    • Running may potentially mitigate the functional decline associated with musculoskeletal aging.
    • Existing research does not link running directly to the onset of osteoarthritis.

    Conclusions:

    • Current evidence does not establish running as a causative factor for osteoarthritis.
    • Exercise, including running, may have protective effects against age-related musculoskeletal changes.
    • Further research is warranted to fully understand the complex relationship between physical activity and joint health.