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Related Concept Videos

Mortar Joint Deterioration in Masonry01:13

Mortar Joint Deterioration in Masonry

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Mortar joint deterioration is a significant concern in masonry structures, with water accumulation in the joints leading to damage from freeze-thaw cycles. The repeated expansion of water during freezing and its melting during thawing develop and propagate cracks in the masonry joints. Eventually, this leads to the spalling of mortar from the joints, loosening masonry units and weakening the structure. The deteriorated mortar joints are also vulnerable to moisture intrusion into the walls.
The...
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Efflorescence in Masonry01:25

Efflorescence in Masonry

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Efflorescence in masonry walls appears as a fluffy crystalline powder, often white, resulting from water-soluble salts within the masonry or mortar. When water penetrates the masonry, it dissolves these salts and brings them to the surface, where they are deposited upon evaporation of water.
While initial efflorescence is common post-construction and can be cleaned with water and a brush, in certain instances, efflorescence can reappear and gradually diminish over time as salts are leached out...
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Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls01:22

Thermal Insulation in Masonry Walls

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In hot, dry climates, the thermal mass of masonry walls can be beneficial, absorbing heat during the day and releasing it at night, thereby stabilizing indoor temperatures. However, in most other climates, additional insulation is necessary to enhance thermal resistance.
External insulation can be applied using an Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS), which involves affixing panels of plastic foam to the wall and covering them with a polymeric stucco reinforced with glass fiber mesh....
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Masonry Cavity Walls01:26

Masonry Cavity Walls

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Cavity walls feature a hollow space between the outer and inner wythes, connected only by corrosion-resistant metal ties. When water seeps through the outer wythe, it descends within this cavity, intercepted by flashing and eventually exiting through weep holes. To enhance moisture resistance, the inner wythe's cavity side often receives damp-proofing, doubling as an air barrier. The cavity can also house insulation to mitigate heat transfer.
Maintaining a clean cavity during construction...
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Expansion and Contraction in Masonry Walls01:19

Expansion and Contraction in Masonry Walls

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Masonry walls are subject to slight expansion and contraction due to variations in temperature and moisture. Thermal movement in masonry is relatively straightforward to measure and plan for. On the other hand, moisture movement poses more of a challenge. New clay masonry units typically absorb water and expand over time under normal environmental conditions. Conversely, new concrete masonry units tend to shrink as they lose the excess moisture acquired during their production process.
To...
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Cavity Drainage and Flashings in Masonry walls01:20

Cavity Drainage and Flashings in Masonry walls

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Typically, a cavity wall consists of two wythes separated by a gap of at least 2 inches, which may contain insulation while still maintaining a minimum clear space of 1 inch to facilitate adequate drainage. Advanced methods like the insertion of a continuous drainage mat can further reduce this space while ensuring effective moisture expulsion.
Weep holes, strategically placed at the base of the cavity, are critical for draining accumulated water. These openings are created by leaving head...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure
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Plaster room problems.

Lois Barr, Susan Miles

    Nursing Standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)
    |July 15, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    This course on plaster techniques, offered for six years, trains healthcare professionals in essential orthopedic nursing skills. It is organized by the British Orthopaedic Association and the Royal College of Nursing Orthopaedic Nursing Forum.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopaedic Nursing
    • Surgical Techniques

    Background:

    • The British Orthopaedic Association and Royal College of Nursing Orthopaedic Nursing Forum have organized a specialized course.
    • This course focuses on plaster techniques, a critical skill in orthopaedic care.
    • The program has been established for six years, indicating its sustained relevance and operation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide comprehensive training in plaster techniques for healthcare professionals.
    • To enhance the skills of nurses in orthopaedic settings.
    • To support the ongoing professional development offered by the British Orthopaedic Association and Royal College of Nursing Orthopaedic Nursing Forum.

    Main Methods:

    • The course is delivered by experienced organizers and teachers.
    • Instruction focuses on practical plastering techniques relevant to orthopaedic procedures.

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  • The curriculum is structured under the auspices of leading professional bodies.

    • Main Results:

    • The course has successfully run for six years, demonstrating consistent demand and delivery.
    • Participants gain proficiency in plaster application and management.
    • The program contributes to the specialized knowledge base of orthopaedic nursing.

    Conclusions:

    • The established plaster techniques course effectively trains orthopaedic nurses.
    • The collaboration between professional bodies ensures high standards in surgical technique education.
    • Continued offering of the course is vital for maintaining expertise in orthopaedic patient care.