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Related Concept Videos

Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient

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Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
The activity coefficient is a measure of the deviation from ideal behavior. When the ionic strength of the solution is minimal, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to unity, making...
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Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments01:23

The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments

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Consider an adiabatic system composed of two chambers, A and B, designed such that no heat flows into or out of the system. Initially, chamber A is filled with a gas at a fixed temperature T1, pressure p1, and volume V1, while chamber B is evacuated. The gas is then gradually forced through a rigid, porous barrier to chamber B, ultimately reaching temperature T2, pressure p2, and volume V2. A piston on the right side maintains a constant pressure (p2), which is lower than p1. The significant...
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Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
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Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity01:10

Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity

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The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is more accurately defined in terms of activity rather than concentration.
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Thermoelectric efficiency of molecular junctions.

C A Perroni1, D Ninno, V Cataudella

  • 1CNR-SPIN and Physics Department 'Ettore Pancini', Universita' degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|July 16, 2016
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Summary

Researchers are exploring molecular junctions to improve thermoelectric performance. This review covers experimental and theoretical approaches, focusing on optimizing thermopower and efficiency by considering electronic and vibrational properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Molecular junctions offer potential for novel thermoelectric devices.
  • Current thermoelectric performance in molecular systems, particularly thermopower, is often limited.
  • Understanding both electronic and vibrational contributions is crucial for device optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental and theoretical strategies for enhancing thermoelectric performance in molecular junctions.
  • To analyze the role of electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom in thermoelectric efficiency.
  • To explore theoretical proposals for optimizing thermoelectric figure of merit and efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent experimental outcomes in various junction configurations.
  • Analysis of theoretical calculations for thermoelectric parameters in linear and non-linear regimes.
  • Focus on theoretical studies examining coherent transport, interference effects, and many-body interactions.

Main Results:

  • Experimental efforts have focused on optimizing thermopower through specific junction designs.
  • Theoretical calculations provide comprehensive estimations of thermoelectric parameters, including figure of merit and efficiency.
  • Interference effects in the coherent regime can significantly enhance the figure of merit.
  • Molecular many-body interactions, like electron-vibration couplings, tend to decrease efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing thermoelectric conversion in molecular junctions requires fine-tuning of parameters and coupling strengths.
  • Theoretical studies are essential for understanding complex phenomena and guiding experimental design.
  • New theoretical proposals suggest promising future setups for improved molecular thermoelectric devices.