[The third wave of cardiac surgery]

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Surgery
• Medical History

Background:

• The history of cardiac surgery spans from ancient times to the present.
• Key developments include understanding cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and the integration of clinical practice.

Observation:

• The review is divided into three distinct historical stages.
• The second stage established the anatomical and functional basis of the cardiovascular system.
• The current third stage is characterized by rapid technological advancements.

Findings:

• Early human history marked the first stage of cardiac surgery.
• The second stage involved detailed anatomical and functional analysis of the heart and blood.
• Modern cardiac surgery (third stage) features thoracoscopic, robotic, hybrid, and fetal procedures.

Implications:

• Understanding the historical progression provides context for current innovations in cardiac surgery.
• Technological advancements are continuously reducing surgical trauma and improving patient outcomes.
• The evolution highlights a shift towards minimally invasive techniques and specialized interventions.