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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Equation of the Elastic Curve01:23

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The concept of curvature in plane curves, crucial in structural engineering, defines how sharply a beam bends under load. This curvature is determined using the curve's first and second derivatives.
Consider a cantilever beam with a point load at its free end (for instance, a diving board). When analyzing beam deflection with small slopes, the shape of the beam's elastic curve becomes key. The governing equation for this analysis involves the bending moment and the beam's flexural rigidity,...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
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Little League Elbow: A Decade Later.

R Francis, T Bunch, B Chandler

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |July 20, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Little League pitchers may not face long-term elbow damage risks. A study of 328 former players found no evidence to support traditional fears of arm injury from youth baseball pitching.

    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Pediatric Orthopedics
    • Baseball Biomechanics

    Background:

    • Youth baseball participation is high.
    • Concerns exist regarding potential long-term elbow damage in young athletes.
    • Traditional views often associate Little League pitching with future arm injuries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the long-term elbow health of former Little League pitchers.
    • To challenge the prevailing fear of arm damage in youth baseball.

    Main Methods:

    • Survey of 328 former Little League baseball players.
    • Assessment of pitching arm health and history.
    • Analysis of potential correlations between youth pitching and adult elbow condition.

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    Main Results:

    • The survey data did not support the traditional fear of significant elbow damage.
    • Findings suggest that pitching in Little League may not lead to long-term detrimental effects on elbow health.
    • Further research is warranted to fully understand the relationship.

    Conclusions:

    • The specter of elbow damage in Little League pitchers may be overstated.
    • Current evidence challenges long-held beliefs about the risks of youth baseball pitching.
    • Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.