Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
06:09

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Published on: April 23, 2018

11.2K

Pharmacogenomics in type 2 diabetes: oral antidiabetic drugs

M A Daniels1, C Kan2, D M Willmes3,4,5

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charite-University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.

The Pharmacogenomics Journal
|July 20, 2016
PubMed

Insights

Genetic variations influence how individuals respond to type 2 diabetes medications. Understanding these genetic polymorphisms can personalize treatment, improving efficacy and reducing side effects for better diabetes management.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly progressing global health concern with severe complications.
  • Most T2DM patients require oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), but responses vary significantly between individuals.
  • Individualized therapeutic strategies are needed to maximize treatment efficacy and minimize costs and side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in pharmacogenomics related to OAD treatment response in T2DM.
  • To explore genetic polymorphisms affecting biguanides, sulfonylureas, incretin-based medications, and SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • To examine genetic factors influencing treatment response in T2DM patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic polymorphisms impacting OAD pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
  • Analysis of emerging data on genetic influences for newer diabetes drug classes.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking genetic traits to treatment outcomes in T2DM.

Main Results:

  • Established evidence for polymorphisms affecting biguanide and sulfonylurea efficacy and safety.
  • Preliminary data suggests genetic influences on incretin-based therapies and SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • Genetic factors may play a role in shared treatment responses between T2DM and psychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic polymorphisms significantly impact T2DM patient response to various OADs.
  • Further large-scale prospective trials are essential to validate findings and establish personalized treatment guidelines.
  • Integrating pharmacogenomic data holds promise for optimizing T2DM management and improving patient outcomes.

More Related Videos

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.8K
Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

72.4K

Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
830
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
808
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
879
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
1.5K
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
73
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
5.4K