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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...
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It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
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Assays for the Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Cells
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Modulating protein quality control.

Lars Plate1,2, Ryan J Paxman1, R Luke Wiseman2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.

Elife
|July 21, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecules targeting the unfolded protein response may offer new treatments for protein misfolding diseases. This approach holds promise for various human conditions caused by protein aggregation.

Keywords:
ATF6-alphaER stresscell biologyendoplasmic reticulumhumansite-1-proteasesmall molecule screeningunfolded protein response

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Protein misfolding diseases result from the accumulation of misfolded proteins.
  • The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response pathway.
  • Dysregulation of the UPR is implicated in the pathogenesis of many protein misfolding diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the therapeutic potential of small molecules that modulate the unfolded protein response (UPR).
  • To investigate the role of UPR modulators in treating human protein misfolding diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing small molecule screening to identify UPR modulators.
  • Employing cell-based assays to assess the impact of molecules on UPR pathways.
  • Investigating the efficacy of identified compounds in disease models.

Main Results:

  • Identification of novel small molecules capable of modulating the UPR.
  • Demonstration that these molecules can alleviate cellular stress associated with protein misfolding.
  • Evidence suggesting therapeutic potential in preclinical models.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecules targeting the UPR represent a promising therapeutic strategy.
  • Modulating the UPR could offer a viable treatment approach for diverse protein misfolding disorders.
  • Further research into UPR-targeted therapies is warranted.