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Abrupt plate accelerations shape rifted continental margins.

Sascha Brune, Simon E Williams, Nathaniel P Butterworth

|July 21, 2016

Summary

Continental rifting occurs in two phases: an initial slow stage followed by abrupt acceleration. This two-phase evolution, driven by rift strength feedback, explains margin development and plate motion changes.

Area of Science:

Geophysics
Tectonics
Geodynamics

Background:

Rifted margins form from continental lithosphere stretching leading to breakup.
Strain-rate-dependent processes influence rift evolution, but quantified extension histories are recent.
Understanding rift kinematics is crucial for plate tectonics and margin formation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate global rift kinematics using a novel geotectonic analysis technique.
To analyze quantified extension histories of Earth's major passive margins.
To explain the two-phase velocity behavior observed in continental rifting.

Main Methods:

Application of a new geotectonic analysis technique to revised global plate reconstructions.
Analytical and numerical modeling with constant force boundary conditions.

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Inference of rift-intrinsic strength-velocity feedback for diverse lithosphere configurations and rheologies.

Main Results:

Rifted margins exhibit an initial slow rift phase (<10 mm/year) followed by an abrupt fast rift phase due to increased plate divergence.
Plate acceleration precedes continental rupture, with significant margin area generated in both phases.
The two-phase velocity behavior is reproduced by models, attributed to a rift-intrinsic strength-velocity feedback mechanism.

Conclusions:

Abrupt plate acceleration during continental rifting is controlled by the nonlinear decay of resistive rift strength.
This mechanism explains differences between proximal and distal margin areas.
The findings offer new insights into plate driving forces and previously unexplained absolute plate motion changes.