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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
In the absence of...
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Exploring Dynamic Neural Changes Associated with Religious Chanting
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A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex.

Matthew F Glasser1, Timothy S Coalson1, Emma C Robinson2,3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.

Nature
|July 21, 2016
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Summary

Researchers mapped the human cerebral cortex by identifying 180 distinct cortical areas per hemisphere using advanced neuroimaging. A new machine-learning tool accurately locates these areas, aiding future brain studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Brain Mapping

Background:

  • Accurate mapping of the human cerebral cortex into distinct areas is crucial for understanding brain function.
  • Defining cortical areas has been a long-standing challenge in neuroscience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a detailed, objective map of cortical areas in the human brain.
  • To develop a machine-learning classifier for automated identification of these areas.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP).
  • Employed an objective, semi-automated neuroanatomical approach to delineate 180 cortical areas per hemisphere.
  • Trained a machine-learning classifier on multi-modal data to recognize area-specific 'fingerprints'.

Main Results:

  • Successfully delineated 180 cortical areas per hemisphere in a group average of 210 healthy adults.
  • Identified 97 novel areas and confirmed 83 previously reported areas.
  • The machine-learning classifier achieved 96.6% accuracy in detecting cortical areas in new subjects and replicated the group parcellation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed parcellation and classifier provide enhanced neuroanatomical precision for studying the human cerebral cortex.
  • These tools will facilitate research on brain organization, individual variations, development, aging, and diseases.
  • Freely available resources enable broader scientific application and advancement in neuroscience.