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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

13.2K
Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
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Swimmer's Ear.

M B Strauss, W Groner-Strauss, R W Cantrell

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |July 22, 2016
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ear canal infections are common issues for swimmers and divers. Despite their minor severity, their frequency makes them significant medical concerns for water activities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Otology
    • Diving Medicine
    • Sports Medicine

    Background:

    • Ear canal infections, commonly known as swimmer's ear, are frequently encountered conditions.
    • These infections, while often minor, pose a recurring challenge for individuals participating in water-related activities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the significance of ear canal infections as a common medical problem in diving and swimming.
    • To underscore the impact of frequent, though typically minor, ear infections on water sports participants.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of medical literature pertaining to ear canal infections in swimmers and divers.
    • Analysis of infection frequency and its impact on participation in water activities.

    Main Results:

    • Ear canal infections are a frequent occurrence among swimmers and divers.
    • The high incidence of these infections designates them as significant medical issues within these populations.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite often being minor in severity, the high frequency of ear canal infections makes them a notable medical problem for divers and swimmers.
    • Addressing the prevalence of ear canal infections is important for maintaining the health and participation of individuals in aquatic sports.