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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Lower GI Series: Barium Enema01:23

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A Barium Enema, or a lower GI series, is a specialized radiographic examination designed to visualize the lower gastrointestinal tract, specifically the colon and rectum. This procedure is instrumental in diagnosing various conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, diverticulosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
Procedure Details
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Serum Laboratory Studies, Stool Test, Breath Test01:30

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Gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostic studies are pivotal in confirming, ruling out, diagnosing, or staging various diseases, including cancers. Following diagnosis, allocating time for discussions with the patient and providing informational resources is crucial. Diagnostic assessments of the GI tract often occur in outpatient settings like endoscopy suites or GI labs. Preparation for these tests may include dietary restrictions, fasting, liquid bowel preparations, laxatives, enemas, and the...
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Multimodality Diagnosis of Mesenteric Ischemia
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Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Endurance Cyclists.

J Wilhite, M B Mellion

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |July 23, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Occult gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is uncommon in endurance cyclists, with only 1.2% of riders testing positive in a large study. Further research is needed to understand GI bleeding in athletes participating in strenuous sports.

    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Gastroenterology
    • Exercise Physiology

    Background:

    • Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is documented in long-distance runners.
    • The incidence of GI bleeding in cyclists is not well-established.
    • Strenuous endurance sports may contribute to GI bleeding.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the incidence of occult GI bleeding in endurance cyclists.
    • To investigate GI bleeding during a multi-day cycling event.

    Main Methods:

    • Participants: 500 endurance cyclists in the 7-day Bike Ride Across Nebraska.
    • Specimen collection: 163 stool specimens from 35 riders over 6 days.
    • Testing: Analysis for occult blood in stool specimens.

    Main Results:

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    • Two riders (1.2%) had positive stool specimens for occult blood.
    • Low incidence of occult GI bleeding observed in this cohort.

    Conclusions:

    • Occult GI bleeding appears infrequent in endurance cyclists.
    • Further research is warranted to explore the causes and prevalence of GI bleeding in athletes involved in strenuous endurance activities.