Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

598
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
598
Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance

785
Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
785
Retarders01:19

Retarders

306
Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...
306
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

565
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
565
Counterfactual Thinking01:19

Counterfactual Thinking

326
Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
326
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.5K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
4.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction to: Toward Compassion in the Assessment and Treatment of Severe Problem Behavior.

Behavior analysis in practice·2026
Same author

Toward Compassion in the Assessment and Treatment of Severe Problem Behavior.

Behavior analysis in practice·2026
Same author

How to Conduct More Culturally Responsive and Trauma-Informed Functional Assessment Interviews: A Tutorial.

Behavior analysis in practice·2026
Same author

The Performance-based IISCA Can Inform Effective and Socially Meaningful Skill-based Treatment.

Behavior analysis in practice·2026
Same author

Correction: How to Conduct More Culturally Responsive and Trauma-Informed Functional Assessment Interviews: A Tutorial.

Behavior analysis in practice·2026
Same author

Skill-based treatment of interfering stereotypy.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2025
Same journal

Latency and persistence of renewal in an intensive outpatient clinic.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2026
Same journal

The effect of varied versus constant high-probability instructional sequences on cooperation.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2026
Same journal

Relations between heart rate and precursors: A replication and extension of prior research.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2026
Same journal

Integrating five linear trend techniques into performance-criteria-based effect size measurements: Impressions and recommendations.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2026
Same journal

Functional analysis and treatment of higher level restricted repetitive behavior displayed by individuals with autism.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2026
Same journal

Contingency drives children's vocal behavior.

Journal of applied behavior analysis·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

16.1K

Contingencies promote delay tolerance.

Mahshid Ghaemmaghami1, Gregory P Hanley1, Joshua Jessel1

  • 1Western New England University.

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
|July 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Contingency-based progressive delay (CBPD) is more effective than time-based progressive delay (TBPD) for functional communication training. CBPD reduces problem behavior and improves communication tolerance for delayed reinforcement.

Keywords:
contingency-based delaydelayed reinforcementfunctional communication traininggeneralityschedule thinningsevere problem behavior

More Related Videos

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

9.3K
The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents
09:43

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

Published on: August 10, 2014

47.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

16.1K
Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

9.3K
The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents
09:43

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

Published on: August 10, 2014

47.2K

Area of Science:

  • Behavior analysis
  • Applied behavior analysis
  • Clinical psychology

Background:

  • Functional communication training (FCT) effectiveness relies on generalization to environments with unpredictable reinforcement delays.
  • Time-based progressive delay (TBPD) can lead to treatment loss and problem behavior resurgence.
  • Contingency-based progressive delay (CBPD) shows promise in enhancing tolerance for delayed reinforcement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly compare the relative efficacy of TBPD and CBPD in FCT.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of CBPD in reducing problem behavior and increasing communication tolerance.
  • To assess the generalization of CBPD treatment effects across participants, contingencies, and contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Single-subject designs were employed to compare TBPD and CBPD.
  • Four participants exhibiting problem behavior (aggression, disruptions, self-injury) were included.
  • Data were collected on rates of problem behavior, collateral responses, communication, and compliance.

Main Results:

  • CBPD resulted in significantly lower rates of problem behavior and collateral responses compared to TBPD.
  • Results were consistent across all four participants.
  • CBPD demonstrated generality of treatment effects across different reinforcement contingencies and contexts.

Conclusions:

  • CBPD is a more effective treatment than TBPD for FCT when reinforcement delays are unavoidable and unpredictable.
  • CBPD promotes greater tolerance for delayed reinforcement, reduces problem behavior, and generalizes across settings.
  • Further research should explore CBPD's application in diverse clinical populations and environments.