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Related Concept Videos

Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy

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Canonical DNA Repair Pathways Influence R-Loop-Driven Genome Instability.

Peter C Stirling1, Philip Hieter2

  • 1Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, V5Z1L3, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H3N1, Canada.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|July 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

DNA repair defects increase cancer risk by causing more mutations. New research links DNA repair to R-loop structures, which can cause genome instability and mutations in cancer.

Keywords:
DNA repairFanconi AnemiaFork protectionGenome InstabilityR-loops

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • DNA repair is crucial for maintaining genome stability.
  • Defects in DNA repair pathways are linked to cancer predisposition.
  • Recent findings highlight a connection between DNA repair and R-loop structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the literature connecting DNA repair and R-loop-mediated genome instability.
  • To explore the role of R-loops in mutagenesis within DNA-repair-deficient cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent studies.
  • Analysis of the interplay between DNA repair mechanisms and R-loop formation.
  • Discussion of R-loop contribution to mutagenesis.

Main Results:

  • DNA repair pathways, including homologous recombination and nucleotide excision repair, are implicated in the formation and function of transcription-coupled R-loops.
  • R-loops are identified as a source of genome instability.
  • Mutations in DNA repair genes correlate with R-loop-associated instability.

Conclusions:

  • R-loops represent a significant source of genome instability, particularly in the context of DNA repair defects.
  • Understanding the R-loop-DNA repair interplay is critical for comprehending mutagenesis in cancer.
  • Targeting R-loop resolution may offer novel therapeutic strategies for DNA-repair-deficient cancers.