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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
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Total Cellular RNA Modulates Protein Activity.

Subhabrata Majumder1, Christopher M DeMott1, Sergey Reverdatto1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Albany , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States.

Biochemistry
|July 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High cellular RNA concentrations enable protein-RNA interactions that influence cell adaptation. Changes in growth medium alter RNA levels, impacting protein biochemistry and cellular responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) comprises up to 20% of a cell's dry weight.
  • High intracellular RNA concentrations support low-affinity protein-RNA quinary interactions.
  • These interactions are crucial for regulating biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of protein-RNA quinary interactions in cellular adaptation.
  • To examine how changes in growth medium affect RNA levels and protein biochemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing yeast (Pichia pastoris) in different media (methanol vs. dextrose and methanol).
  • Measuring ubiquitin-RNA colocalization.
  • Assessing β-galactosidase activity using isolated total RNA.

Main Results:

  • Ubiquitin-RNA colocalization increased when yeast were grown in dextrose and methanol.
  • RNA from methanol-grown cells enhanced β-galactosidase activity compared to RNA from cells grown in dextrose and methanol.
  • Cellular RNA content varied significantly with the growth medium.

Conclusions:

  • Protein-RNA quinary interactions are sensitive to cellular RNA content.
  • These interactions can modulate in-cell protein biochemistry.
  • Protein-RNA interactions play a significant role in cell adaptation to environmental changes.