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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
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[CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC PECULIARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION].

M G Mamaeva, I V Demko, A B Salmina

    Klinicheskaia Meditsina
    |July 28, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit arterial stiffness and inflammation, increasing cardiovascular event risk. This study highlights the link between COPD, arterial rigidity, and endothelial dysfunction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Pulmonology
    • Biochemistry

    Context:

    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is linked to cardiovascular complications.
    • Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness are prevalent in COPD patients.
    • Investigating shared pathophysiological mechanisms between COPD and coronary heart disease is crucial.

    Purpose:

    • To investigate the relationship between functional parameters, arterial rigidity, lipid profile, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in COPD patients with and without coronary heart disease.
    • To compare these parameters between COPD patients, COPD with coronary artery disease, and healthy controls.

    Summary:

    • The study examined 110 subjects, including 40 severe COPD patients, 40 severe COPD + coronary artery disease patients, and 30 healthy controls.
    • COPD patients, with or without coronary artery disease, showed increased arterial rigidity (aortic pulse wave velocity) and elevated inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, fibrinogen).
    • Enhanced CD38 expression and elevated soluble CD31 (sPECAM-1) were observed, suggesting a role in endothelial dysfunction and vascular tone dysregulation in COPD.

    Impact:

    • Findings indicate that COPD patients have increased arterial stiffness, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, elevating their risk for cardiovascular events.
    • The study identifies potential biomarkers (CD38, sPECAM-1) and mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular risk in COPD.
    • This research underscores the importance of managing cardiovascular risk factors in COPD management.