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Related Concept Videos

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events,...
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Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle01:27

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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...
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Psychological Responses to Stress01:20

Psychological Responses to Stress

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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Bonanno's Theory of Grieving01:17

Bonanno's Theory of Grieving

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Grieving is a complex psychological and emotional process that varies significantly among individuals. George Bonanno's research on bereavement identified four distinct patterns of grieving, offering a nuanced understanding of how people cope with significant loss, such as the death of a spouse, over extended periods. These patterns — resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, and delayed grief — highlight the diversity in emotional responses and adaptive mechanisms.
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused01:20

Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused

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Emotion-focused coping refers to a set of strategies aimed at managing the emotional impact of stressors, rather than directly addressing their causes. This approach involves altering one's emotional response to stressful situations to reduce their psychological effects. For example, individuals might talk with a friend or engage in activities like journaling to express their feelings. Such actions can help achieve emotional clarity or release, providing the psychological stability needed...
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Developing Neuroimaging Phenotypes of the Default Mode Network in PTSD: Integrating the Resting State, Working Memory, and Structural Connectivity
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Risk, coping and PTSD symptom trajectories in World Trade Center responders.

Adriana Feder1, Natalie Mota2, Ryan Salim1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Psychiatric Research
|July 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Disaster responders show varied posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom paths after the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks. Modifiable factors like coping strategies and preparedness influence these PTSD trajectories.

Keywords:
CopingPosttraumatic stress disorderRespondersRiskTrajectoriesWorld Trade Center

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Disaster Mental Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom trajectories following disasters are heterogeneous.
  • Understanding modifiable psychosocial factors linked to low-symptom or recovery trajectories in disaster responders is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the long-term trajectories of World Trade Center (WTC)-related PTSD symptoms in a large cohort of rescue and recovery workers.
  • To identify risk and protective factors associated with different PTSD symptom trajectories.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal assessment of 4487 WTC responders (police and non-traditional) over 12 years post-9/11/2001.
  • Latent growth mixture modeling to identify PTSD symptom trajectories.
  • Regression analyses to identify associated risk and protective factors.

Main Results:

  • Four PTSD trajectories were identified in police responders (76.1% no/low-symptom) and five in non-traditional responders (55.5% no/low-symptom).
  • Risk factors for symptomatic trajectories included Hispanic ethnicity, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, WTC exposure, medical burden, and maladaptive coping.
  • Protective factors included perceived preparedness, sense of purpose, and positive emotion-focused coping.

Conclusions:

  • Significant heterogeneity exists in WTC-related PTSD symptom trajectories over 12 years.
  • Police responders generally showed lower rates of elevated PTSD symptoms compared to non-traditional responders.
  • Findings provide a risk prediction model to inform prevention and treatment for disaster responders.