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Molecular Shapes

Molecular Shapes

Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Two-dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films Grown in Flow.

Ryan P Bisbey¹, Catherine R DeBlase¹, Brian J Smith¹

¹Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|August 2, 2016

Summary

Continuous flow methods enable controlled growth of two-dimensional covalent organic framework (2D COF) thin films. This approach overcomes limitations of static methods, allowing for tunable thickness and improved film quality for advanced applications.

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Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are promising materials for sensing, energy storage, and optoelectronics due to their porosity and modular structures.
Current methods for fabricating 2D COF thin films by static methods suffer from precipitate contamination and poor thickness control.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel method for growing high-quality 2D COF thin films with controlled thickness.
To address the limitations of precipitate formation and variable monomer concentrations in static film growth.

Main Methods:

Utilized a continuous flow system where homogeneous monomer solutions polymerize in heated tubing before passing over a substrate.
Varied residence time and reaction conditions to optimize polymerization and film deposition.
Demonstrated the method for four different 2D COF frameworks.

Main Results:

Achieved constant rates of mass deposition, enabling precise control over film thickness and access to thicker films.
Eliminated concurrent precipitate formation, leading to purer COF films.
Observed that crystallinity is dependent on residence time, indicating the role of oligomeric and polymeric species in lattice formation.

Conclusions:

Continuous flow synthesis is a simple yet powerful method for fabricating controlled 2D COF thin films.
This approach offers significant advantages over static methods for producing high-quality COF films for device applications.