Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

7.9K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
7.9K
Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups

38.1K

Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.  
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry....
38.1K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.4K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.4K
Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups01:14

Directing Effect of Substituents: ortho–para-Directing Groups

9.2K
Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
9.2K
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

31.0K

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
31.0K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

7.0K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
7.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Conformation-driven C3-C(<i>sp</i> <sup>3</sup>)-H arylation of saturated azacycles using Pd catalyst.

Nature catalysis·2026
Same author

Ligand-Enabled Stereoselective Coupling of Methylene C(sp<sup>3</sup>)─H Bonds With Alkenyl Bromide via Pd<sup>II</sup>/Pd<sup>0</sup>/Pd<sup>II</sup> Catalysis.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Ligand-Enabled Ag-Free Cross-Coupling of Methylene C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H Bonds in Aliphatic Acids with C(sp<sup>2</sup>) Bromides.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Regiocontrollable [2 + 2] benzannulation of γ,δ-C(sp3)-H bonds with dihaloarenes using palladium catalysis.

Nature synthesis·2026
Same author

Ligand-Enabled Pd-Catalyzed C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H/C(sp<sup>2</sup>)-H Coupling.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Precise Editing of Indolines at Different Positions via SET and CMD Pathways.

JACS Au·2026
Same journal

Fundamentals, Measurement and Regulation of the Conductance of Single Molecule Junctions.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Quantitative Photoswitching of Spin States in o-Fluoroazobenzene-Loaded Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Cobalt Nanoparticles Confined in Defective Carbon Matrices for Robust Intermittent CO<sub>2</sub> Methanation.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Copper(II/III) Redox Couple Enables C─H Methylation via a Radical Mechanism Analogous to SAM Enzymes.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Ring Strain Engineering of Cyclic Ethers for High-Performance Sodium Metal Batteries.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

Bond Length as a Unified Descriptor for Stable Iodine Battery.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

Published on: June 20, 2014

14.5K

A Simple and Versatile Amide Directing Group for C-H Functionalizations.

Ru-Yi Zhu1, Marcus E Farmer1, Yan-Qiao Chen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 2, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a simple N-methoxy amide (CONHOMe) directing group for transition metal catalysts. This innovation simplifies selective C-H activation, overcoming drawbacks of traditional directing groups in organic synthesis.

Keywords:
C−H functionalizationdirecting groupspalladiumrhodiumruthenium

More Related Videos

Design, Synthesis, and Photochemical Properties of Clickable Caged Compounds
09:44

Design, Synthesis, and Photochemical Properties of Clickable Caged Compounds

Published on: October 15, 2019

13.1K
Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides
07:50

Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

Published on: May 26, 2019

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

Published on: June 20, 2014

14.5K
Design, Synthesis, and Photochemical Properties of Clickable Caged Compounds
09:44

Design, Synthesis, and Photochemical Properties of Clickable Caged Compounds

Published on: October 15, 2019

13.1K
Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides
07:50

Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

Published on: May 26, 2019

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Methodology

Background:

  • Selective C-H activation is crucial for retrosynthetic analysis, enabling targeted bond disconnections.
  • Directing groups guide transition metals to specific C-H bonds using steric and geometric cues.
  • Current methods face challenges due to the installation and removal complexity of directing groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simplified and broadly applicable directing group for transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation.
  • To overcome the practical limitations associated with traditional directing group strategies.
  • To explore the use of common functional groups as efficient directing moieties.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the N-methoxy amide (CONHOMe) moiety as a directing group.
  • Application of CONHOMe with palladium(II), rhodium(III), and ruthenium(II) catalysts.
  • Review of community efforts in C-H activation transformations utilizing this directing group.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the rational design and broad applicability of the N-methoxy amide directing group.
  • Showcased a wide range of C-H activation transformations facilitated by the CONHOMe moiety.
  • Highlighted the effectiveness of CONHOMe with various transition metal catalysts (Pd, Rh, Ru).

Conclusions:

  • The N-methoxy amide (CONHOMe) moiety represents a significant advancement in simplifying C-H activation.
  • This directing group offers a practical and versatile solution for selective C-H functionalization.
  • The development facilitates broader adoption of C-H activation strategies in organic synthesis.