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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:08

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

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Nitriles undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a carboxylic acid. These reactions proceed via an amide intermediate.
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

15.8K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
15.8K
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

136.0K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
136.0K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.7K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.7K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

4.9K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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From Carbon-Monoxide Inhibition to Light Activation: Probing [NiFe] Hydrogenase Dynamics by Multiscale Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy.

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Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase
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Protein Film Infrared Electrochemistry Demonstrated for Study of H2 Oxidation by a [NiFe] Hydrogenase

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Structure and function of [NiFe] hydrogenases.

Hideaki Ogata1, Wolfgang Lubitz2, Yoshiki Higuchi3,4,5

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany hideaki.ogata@cec.mpg.de.

Journal of Biochemistry
|August 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenases utilize a unique iron-sulfur cluster to rapidly recover from oxygen inactivation, enabling sustained H2 oxidation. This discovery advances our understanding of enzymatic catalysis under aerobic conditions.

Keywords:
X-ray crystallography[4Fe-3S] cluster[NiFe] active sitehydrogenaseoxygen tolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Bioinorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogenases catalyze reversible H2 conversion via heterolytic splitting.
  • [NiFe] hydrogenases feature a Ni-Fe active site with CO and CN- ligands.
  • Standard hydrogenases are O2-sensitive, while O2-tolerant variants sustain activity aerobically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural and functional differences enabling O2 tolerance in [NiFe] hydrogenases.
  • To elucidate the role of the proximal iron-sulfur cluster in O2 recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative structural analysis of active sites in O2-sensitive and O2-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenases.
  • Investigation of the electronic and functional properties of the proximal [4Fe-3S]-6Cys cluster.

Main Results:

  • O2-tolerant hydrogenases possess a unique proximal [4Fe-3S]-6Cys cluster near the active site.
  • This cluster supplies electrons for rapid recovery from O2-induced inactivation.
  • Active site ligand sphere changes during activation and catalysis.

Conclusions:

  • The [4Fe-3S]-6Cys cluster is crucial for the O2 tolerance mechanism in [NiFe] hydrogenases.
  • This cluster facilitates rapid reactivation, allowing sustained H2 oxidation under aerobic conditions.