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Ammeter01:11

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An ammeter is a current measuring instrument. In the circuit, it is represented by the symbol A. The ammeter is placed in series with the device or component to measure the current. A series connection is used because objects in series have the same current passing through them. If a circuit has multiple resistors and the current needs to be measured in each resistor, the number of ammeters required depends on whether the circuit is in series or parallel.
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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Ampere's Law01:18

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A fundamental property of a static magnetic field is that it is not conservative, unlike an electrostatic field. Instead, there is a relationship between the magnetic field and its source, electric current. Mathematically, this is expressed in terms of the line integral of the magnetic field, which is also known as Ampère’s law. It is valid only if the currents are steady and no magnetic materials or time-varying electric fields are present.
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Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...
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Ampere's Law in Matter01:22

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The total current density in magnetized material is the sum of the free and bound current densities. The free current arises due to the motion of free electrons within the material, while the bound current arises due to the alignment of magnetic dipole moments.
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Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules.
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The Ampere and Electrical Standards.

R E Elmquist1, M E Cage1, Y H Tang1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|August 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The NIST Electricity Division has advanced electrical metrology and physics since 1901, developing precision standards and quantum-based measurements. Their research impacts international units and fundamental constants.

Keywords:
Internetcalibrationelectrical engineeringjosephson arraysmeasurement unitsresistance measurements

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Metrology
  • Applied Physics
  • Quantum Physics

Background:

  • The NIST Electricity Division, established in 1901, is a foundational part of the National Bureau of Standards.
  • It provides essential DC and low-frequency calibrations for diverse organizations.
  • The division has a rich history of developing precision electrical standards and contributing to measurement science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significant contributions of the NIST Electricity Division to metrology and physics.
  • To detail key research areas and advancements in electrical standards.
  • To showcase the division's role in defining measurement units and fundamental constants.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of the division's foundational work and key personnel contributions.
  • Description of early precision standards like Rosa and Thomas resistors and ac-dc thermal converters.
  • Explanation of modern research utilizing quantum Hall and Josephson effects for electrical standards.

Main Results:

  • Development of precision standards crucial for early metrology.
  • Transition from empirical units to absolute units based on fundamental principles.
  • Refinement of electrical standards through quantum phenomena (quantum Hall and Josephson effects).
  • Detailed examination of four projects on voltage and impedance measurements.

Conclusions:

  • NIST's Electricity Division has consistently driven innovation in electrical metrology.
  • Quantum physics principles are now integral to defining precise electrical standards.
  • Ongoing research at NIST addresses international metrology compatibility and fundamental constant determination.