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Related Concept Videos

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

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Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

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Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
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Sound Waves01:01

Sound Waves

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Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
Sound waves are longitudinal in most fluids because fluids cannot sustain any lateral pressure. In solids, however, shear forces help in propagating the disturbance in the lateral direction as well....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
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Drawing sounds: representing tones and chords spatially.

Alejandro Salgado-Montejo1,2, Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos3, Jorge A Alvarado4

  • 1Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK. alejandro.salgado@psy.ox.ac.uk.

Experimental Brain Research
|August 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that sound pitch influences hand movements, with higher pitches guiding movements upward and lower pitches guiding them downward. These findings explore crossmodal correspondences and their impact on action.

Keywords:
Crossmodal correspondencesEmbodied cognitionMouse-trackingMovementSoundSpaceValence

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Crossmodal correspondences demonstrate consistent sensory information matching across senses.
  • Understanding how sensory input influences motor actions is an emerging research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of auditory stimuli (tones and piano chords) on hand movement biases.
  • To explore the relationship between sound characteristics and spatial action planning.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed a free movement task using a computer mouse to represent auditory stimuli.
  • Auditory stimuli included tones and piano chords of varying pitches.
  • Participants rated sounds on visual analogue scales for speed, pleasantness, and strength.

Main Results:

  • Auditory stimuli, specifically pitch, significantly biased hand movements in space.
  • Higher-pitched sounds resulted in an upward bias in hand movements.
  • Lower-pitched sounds resulted in a downward bias in hand movements.

Conclusions:

  • Sound pitch acts as a significant factor influencing motor actions and spatial biases.
  • Findings support theories of embodied cognition, forward models, and crossmodal correspondences.
  • Potential applications exist in sports training and motor rehabilitation.