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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
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Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
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Whole-Organism Cellular Pathology: A Systems Approach to Phenomics.

K C Cheng1, S R Katz1, A Y Lin1

  • 1The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.

Advances in Genetics
|August 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phenomics aims to systematically measure organism phenotypes for better understanding. New X-ray microtomography methods improve cellular pathology detection in zebrafish, aiding drug development and disease research.

Keywords:
Cellular pathologyChemical phenomicsClinical phenomicsComputational phenomicsDrug testingEnvironmental phenomicsGenetic phenomicsGeneticsGenomicsHigh-throughput phenotypingHistologyImagingMicroCTMicroanatomical phenomicsPan-cellular phenotypingPhenomicsPhenotype Omission ErrorPhenotypic signaturesSystems approachToxicological phenomicsToxicologyWhole-organism cellular pathologyZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Phenomics and cellular pathology
  • Development of advanced imaging techniques

Background:

  • Phenotype is the observable state of an organism, influenced by genes, environment, and disease.
  • Histology provides high-resolution phenotypic assessment via cellular pathology, crucial for diagnosing diseases.
  • Current phenotyping methods have limitations in comprehensive sampling and cellular detail.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop advanced technical approaches for ideal cellular pathology detection.
  • To improve upon histology's limitations as a screening tool for phenomics.
  • To enable automated, whole-organism phenotyping for increased efficiency and value.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing X-ray microtomography for improved cellular pathology detection.
  • Employing zebrafish as a vertebrate model due to conserved tissue architecture and small size.
  • Focusing on enhanced sampling, consistent orientation, and multi-scale phenotype assessment.

Main Results:

  • Histology is more sensitive than stereomicroscopy for detecting phenotypes in zebrafish mutants.
  • Improved X-ray microtomography aims to retain histology's strengths while addressing weaknesses.
  • Zebrafish enable whole-organism imaging at cellular resolution for phenomic studies.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced X-ray microtomography offers a promising tool for comprehensive phenomics.
  • Automated phenotyping in zebrafish can significantly reduce drug development costs and toxicity.
  • This approach will accelerate understanding of gene-environment interactions in disease phenotypes.