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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization
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Interactions of two odorant-binding proteins influence insect chemoreception.

X Sun1,2, F-F Zeng1, M-J Yan1

  • 1Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

Insect Molecular Biology
|August 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Interactions between two odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in the rice leaffolder influence how it detects plant scents. This research clarifies OBP roles in insect olfaction.

Keywords:
Cnaphalocrocis medinalisRNA interferenceelectroantennogram responsesfluorescence competitive binding assaysinteractionsmolecular dockingodorant-binding protein

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Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals
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Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are essential for insect olfaction.
  • Understanding OBP interactions is key to deciphering olfactory coding in pests like the rice leaffolder, *Cnaphalocrocis medinalis*.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of OBP interactions on olfactory coding in *Cnaphalocrocis medinalis*.
  • To explore the binding affinities and functional interplay of specific OBPs with host plant volatiles.

Main Methods:

  • Ligand-binding experiments were conducted to assess protein-ligand interactions.
  • Molecular docking and 3D structure modeling predicted binding sites.
  • RNA interference (RNAi) was used to manipulate OBP expression.
  • Electrophysiological recordings (electroantennograms) measured olfactory responses.

Main Results:

  • Two OBPs, CmedOBP2 and CmedOBP3, exhibited flexible binding to rice volatiles.
  • RNAi experiments revealed a compensatory expression pattern between CmedOBP2 and CmedOBP3.
  • Simultaneous knockdown of both OBPs significantly reduced olfactory responses more than individual knockdowns.

Conclusions:

  • The interactions between CmedOBP2 and CmedOBP3 significantly modulate olfactory perception in *Cnaphalocrocis medinalis*.
  • These findings highlight the complex interplay of OBPs in insect host plant detection.