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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Application of a Coupling Agent to Improve the Dielectric Properties of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites
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Adhesive Bonding to Dentin Improved by Polymerizable Cyclodextrin Derivatives.

Rafael L Bowen1, Gary E Schumacher1, Anthony A Giuseppetti1

  • 1Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8546.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|August 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

New hydrophilic monomer formulations with polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives significantly improved bonding to dentin. These advanced dental adhesives show promise for stronger, more durable dental restorations.

Keywords:
bond strengthscross-linking comonomers for polymerizable cyclodextrin derivativesdental adhesive bonding formulations

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Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Dental Materials

Background:

  • Developing effective dental adhesives for hydrated dentin is crucial for restoration longevity.
  • Hydrophilic monomers and cross-linking agents are key components in modern dental bonding systems.
  • Cyclodextrin derivatives offer potential for enhanced adhesion due to their unique molecular structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the bonding characteristics of a novel hydrophilic monomer formulation incorporating polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives.
  • To test the hypothesis that these formulations can create strong adhesive bonds to dentin.
  • To compare the performance of the new formulation against a control and a commercial bonding system.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives were formulated with sorbitol dimethacrylate, methacrylic acid, and a photoinitiator.
  • Dentin bonding was assessed using a self-etching protocol with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) etching.
  • Shear bond strength testing was performed after 24-hour water storage, with statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA.

Main Results:

  • The formulation containing polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strength (p < 0.05) compared to the formulation without them.
  • The novel formulation also exhibited superior shear bond strength (p < 0.05) relative to a commercial self-etching bonding system.
  • These findings support the contribution of polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives to improved adhesion to moist dentin.

Conclusions:

  • Formulations incorporating polymerizable cyclodextrin derivatives can form robust adhesive bonds to hydrated dentin surfaces.
  • The study provides preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesis that these advanced materials enhance dental adhesion.
  • Further research into advanced formulations is anticipated to improve bonding to hydrated biological tissues.