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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Equation of State01:07

Equation of State

3.1K
The equation of state is an equation that relates physical quantities, such as pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles, of a thermodynamics system with each other. The equation relating physical quantities with each other can be a simple mathematical expression or too complicated to express in mathematical form. In either case, a relationship between physical quantities exists. If the equation of state cannot be expressed in a mathematical form, then experimental data and...
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Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems01:27

Two Components: Liquid–Liquid Systems

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A pressure-composition phase diagram explicitly describes the behavior of an ideal solution of two volatile liquids under varying pressures and compositions. A pressure-composition diagram has two main curves. The bubble point curve represents the plot of pressure versus liquid mole fraction. It indicates the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms from the liquid phase as the system pressure decreases.The dew point curve is the pressure versus vapor mole fraction. It indicates the...
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation02:35

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
63.8K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

41.9K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
41.9K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

54
When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

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Dimensionless Equation of State to Predict Microemulsion Phase Behavior.

Soumyadeep Ghosh1, Russell T Johns1

  • 1Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|August 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new dimensionless equation-of-state simplifies predicting microemulsion phase behavior in surfactant-oil-brine systems. This method is robust, noniterative, and requires fewer parameters for accurate formulation design.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Surfactant-oil-brine (SOB) systems are crucial for enhanced oil recovery and other industrial applications.
  • Accurate prediction of microemulsion phase behavior is essential for optimizing SOB system formulations.
  • Existing dimensional equations-of-state require estimations of surfactant properties, limiting their simplicity and robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a more robust, simpler, and noniterative algorithm for flash calculations of three-phase Winsor regions.
  • To predict microemulsion phase behavior across various state variables including temperature, pressure, and composition.
  • To improve the accuracy and reduce the experimental effort required for formulation design of SOB systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dimensionless equation-of-state by coupling Hydrophilic Lipophilic Difference-Net Average Curvature (HLD-NAC) equations with new solubility relationships.
  • Incorporated an updated HLD expression including pressure for a complete state description.
  • Derived simplified stability conditions to predict phase behavior (single, two-, or three-phase regions).

Main Results:

  • The dimensionless equation-of-state eliminates the need for estimating surfactant tail length and surface area, relying instead on the interfacial volume ratio.
  • A novel relationship was discovered: optimum solubilization ratio equals the harmonic mean of oil and water solubilization ratios in the type III region.
  • Predictions showed average errors of 2.44% for optimum solubilization ratio and 1.17% for salinity compared to experimental data.

Conclusions:

  • The dimensionless equation-of-state offers a significantly simpler and more robust approach to predicting microemulsion phase behavior.
  • The findings reduce experimental requirements for determining optimum solubilization ratios and aid in designing more efficient SOB formulations.
  • The study also provides a thermodynamic derivation for the constant in Huh's interfacial tension prediction equation.