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Cognitive discrepancy models for specific learning disabilities identification: Simulations of psychometric
W Pat Taylor1, Jeremy Miciak1, Jack M Fletcher1
1Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics.
Psychological Assessment
|August 10, 2016
Summary
Identifying specific learning disabilities (SLD) using the patterns of processing strengths and weaknesses (PSW) model shows low agreement between different achievement tests. Test reliability significantly impacts classification consistency for SLD identification.
Area of Science:
- Educational Psychology
- Neuropsychology
- Learning Disabilities Research
Background:
- Limited research exists on specific learning disabilities (SLD) identification using patterns of processing strengths and weaknesses (PSW).
- The concordance/discordance model (C/DM) is one method to operationalize the PSW approach for SLD identification.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the reliability of SLD identification decisions derived from different achievement test batteries using the C/DM.
- To examine how test reliability affects agreement in SLD classifications between different test batteries.
Main Methods:
- Two studies simulated achievement and cognitive data with varying correlations and reliabilities.
- The C/DM criteria were applied to simulated data from two different achievement test batteries.
- Agreement levels (overall, negative, positive) for SLD classifications between the two batteries were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Overall and negative agreement for SLD identification were high, but positive agreement was consistently low (0.33-0.59).
- Reduced reliability of achievement tests decreased positive agreement by an average of 0.13.
- Reduced reliability of cognitive measures slightly increased positive agreement (0.0-0.06).
Conclusions:
- Findings indicate inherent instability in SLD classifications based on the C/DM.
- Variations in test selection and reliability can significantly impact the reliability of SLD identification.
- The study highlights the need for careful consideration of test properties in SLD assessment.
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