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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

312
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
312
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

419
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
419
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

641
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
641
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

354
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
354
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

248
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

687
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Colorimetric Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in S. aureus Biofilm
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Pediatric reference intervals for alkaline phosphatase.

Jakob Zierk, Farhad Arzideh, Rainer Haeckel

    Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
    |August 10, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New percentile charts for alkaline phosphatase activity in children provide accurate reference intervals from birth to 18 years. These charts aid in distinguishing physiological changes from disease-related alterations in pediatric alkaline phosphatase levels.

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    Area of Science:

    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Pediatric Endocrinology
    • Laboratory Medicine

    Background:

    • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity interpretation in children is complex due to significant age- and sex-specific variations during growth and puberty.
    • Existing pediatric reference intervals for ALP are limited, hindering accurate clinical decision-making.
    • Continuous percentile charts are ideal for assessing ALP dynamics linked to growth but face ethical and practical challenges in creation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop comprehensive, continuous percentile charts for alkaline phosphatase activity in pediatric populations.
    • To establish reliable reference intervals for boys and girls from birth to 18 years.
    • To facilitate improved interpretation of ALP levels in children for clinical diagnostics.

    Main Methods:

    • An indirect method was employed using a large dataset of clinical laboratory results.
    • Analysis included 361,405 samples from 124,440 patients across seven German healthcare institutions (2004-2015).
    • Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured using the IFCC photometric method on Roche Cobas analyzers.

    Main Results:

    • Generated age- and sex-specific percentile charts for alkaline phosphatase activity in children aged 0-18 years.
    • Created data tables of percentile values for seamless integration into laboratory information systems.
    • The charts serve as validated reference intervals for pediatric ALP assessment.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed percentile charts enable accurate differentiation between physiological ALP changes and those indicative of disease in children.
    • Integration into result reporting, following local validation, allows for precise assessment of pediatric ALP dynamics.
    • These charts enhance diagnostic capabilities for conditions affecting ALP levels in pediatric patients.