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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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What is inside the hernia sac?

Ana Virgínia Araújo1, Cláudia Santos1, Helena Contente1

  • 1Hospital Sao Francisco Xavier, Lisboa, Portugal.

BMJ Case Reports
|August 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Ovarian inguinal hernias are rare in adults. This case highlights an 89-year-old woman with an ovary and fallopian tube found in an irreducible inguinal hernia, emphasizing rare hernia contents.

Area of Science:

  • General Surgery
  • Gynecologic Surgery

Background:

  • Ovarian inguinal hernias are uncommon, typically seen in pediatric patients.
  • These hernias are often associated with congenital anomalies of the genitalia.

Observation:

  • An 89-year-old multiparous woman presented with an irreducible inguinal hernia.
  • No congenital genitalia defects were noted in this patient.

Findings:

  • Emergency surgery revealed an ovary and fallopian tube within the hernial sac.
  • An oophorosalpingectomy and Lichtenstein procedure were performed successfully.

Implications:

  • Hernial sacs can contain unusual intra-abdominal organs, even in elderly patients without congenital defects.
  • This case underscores the importance of thorough surgical exploration for irreducible hernias.

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