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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two-carbon units of acetyl groups. The acetyl...
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Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

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So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Synthesis of phosphoglycerides.

R G Jensen1, D T Gordon1

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 06268, Storrs, Connecticut.

Lipids
|August 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This review details phosphoglyceride synthesis, focusing on precursors like phosphatidic acid and intermediates. It offers practical suggestions for large-scale phosphoglyceride production based on extensive experience.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Phosphoglycerides are essential components of cell membranes.
  • Understanding their synthesis is crucial for biological and pharmaceutical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthesis of phosphoglycerides.
  • To emphasize precursor and intermediate compounds in phosphoglyceride synthesis.
  • To provide guidance for large-scale phosphoglyceride production.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on phosphoglyceride synthesis.
  • Analysis of precursor and intermediate compounds.
  • Discussion of purification and structural elucidation techniques.
  • Incorporation of practical experience in synthesis.

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
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Related Experiment Videos

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Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of key compounds: phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and monoacylphosphoglycerides.
  • Elucidation of purification and structural proof methodologies.
  • Identification of critical factors for successful synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesis of phosphoglycerides involves specific precursor and intermediate pathways.
  • Effective purification and structural proof are vital.
  • Experience-based recommendations facilitate large-scale phosphoglyceride synthesis.