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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells,...
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Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

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Autophagy: Many paths to the same end.

Ana Maria Cuervo1

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
|August 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy pathways degrade intracellular proteins via the lysosome, enabling cellular adaptation. Their interdependence provides specificity and flexibility, crucial for cell survival, especially in non-dividing cells like the heart.

Keywords:
agingcardiomyopathiescathepsinscellular deathlysosomesprotein targeting

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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Intracellular protein degradation is essential for cellular homeostasis.
  • Autophagy, a key lysosomal degradation pathway, allows cells to adapt to environmental changes.
  • Multiple autophagic pathways exist, each with unique characteristics but shared components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the molecular basis and regulation of different autophagic pathways.
  • To discuss the cellular consequences of the interdependent function of these pathways.
  • To analyze the role of autophagy in aging, cell death, and disease in differentiated cells, using the heart as a model.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on autophagy.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms and regulatory processes.
  • Examination of cellular consequences and pathological relevance.

Main Results:

  • Autophagic pathways exhibit interdependence, conferring specificity and flexibility to lysosomal degradation.
  • Dysfunctional autophagy has severe consequences, particularly in non-dividing differentiated cells.
  • Autophagy plays a significant role in aging, cell death, and cardiac pathology.

Conclusions:

  • The coordinated function of autophagic pathways is vital for cellular adaptation and survival.
  • Disruptions in autophagy contribute to age-related decline and various diseases.
  • Understanding autophagy mechanisms is critical for addressing pathologies in differentiated tissues.