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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
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Restorative care is provided once a patient has been discharged from a healthcare facility and requires additional services. The additional services include home care, rehabilitation programs, and extended care. Restorative care centers help the patient regain their previous level of functioning or acquire a new level of functioning due to the incapacitating effects of a disease or a disability. It aims to assist patients in enhancing their quality of life by encouraging independence,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

A Prediction Error-driven Retrieval Procedure for Destabilizing and Rewriting Maladaptive Reward Memories in Hazardous Drinkers
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Relapse Prevention in Alcoholism : Recent Advances and Future Possibilities.

M Soyka1

  • 1Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.

CNS Drugs
|August 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Most psychotropic medications do not aid alcohol abstinence. Acamprosate and naltrexone show promise for reducing alcohol craving and relapse, with other agents needing further study.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Psychotropic drugs generally fail to improve alcohol abstinence rates in non-comorbid patients.
  • Alcohol's effects on neurotransmitter systems, including glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin, are key to its reinforcing properties and craving.
  • Neurobiological findings guide the development of pharmacological treatments for alcoholism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pharmacological agents for reducing alcohol relapse.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of existing and potential anti-craving medications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published studies on the neurobiology of alcohol dependence.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for pharmacological interventions.
  • Assessment of drugs targeting neurotransmitter systems involved in alcohol reinforcement.

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Main Results:

  • Acamprosate and opioid antagonists (naltrexone, nalmefene) demonstrate the most promise for reducing alcohol craving.
  • Acamprosate and naltrexone are established first-choice treatments in many regions.
  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may benefit patients with comorbid depression or cognitive deficits, but generally do not improve abstinence rates.

Conclusions:

  • Acamprosate and naltrexone are leading pharmacological options for alcohol relapse prevention.
  • Further research is needed for other agents like buspirone, ondansetron, and dopaminergic drugs.
  • Targeting specific neurotransmitter systems offers a promising avenue for alcoholism treatment.