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Pathophysiology of Birth Asphyxia.

Matthew A Rainaldi1, Jeffrey M Perlman1

  • 1Division of Newborn Medicine, Komansky Center for Children's Health, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 East 68th Street, N-506, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Clinics in Perinatology
|August 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Perinatal asphyxia, caused by interrupted blood flow, can lead to fetal hypoxia and brain injury. When the fetus cannot compensate, severe hypoxic ischemic injury and permanent brain damage may occur.

Keywords:
Birth asphyxiaCerebral palsyFetal acidemiaHypoxic–ischemic encephalopathyNeonatePerinatal

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatalogy
  • Perinatal Medicine
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Asphyxia often stems from reduced placental blood flow, causing fetal hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis.
  • The fetus employs adaptive mechanisms to mitigate asphyxia's effects and maintain organ function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathophysiology of perinatal asphyxia.
  • To understand the mechanisms leading to hypoxic ischemic injury and brain damage in newborns.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on fetal adaptation to asphyxia.
  • Analysis of the cellular mechanisms of hypoxic ischemic injury, including necrosis and apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • Failure of compensatory mechanisms during severe or prolonged asphyxia leads to hypoxic ischemic injury.
  • Permanent brain injury is a critical outcome, with severity influenced by insult characteristics and brain maturity.

Conclusions:

  • Perinatal asphyxia pathophysiology involves a cascade from placental insufficiency to cellular injury.
  • Understanding injury mechanisms is key to mitigating permanent brain damage in affected newborns.