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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
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Multiple quantum phase transitions and superconductivity in Ce-based heavy fermions.

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Heavy fermion superconductors exhibit unconventional superconductivity near electronic instabilities. This review explores quantum criticality and phase transitions in Ce-based heavy fermions, focusing on superconductivity

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Materials

Background:

  • Heavy fermions are key examples of strongly correlated electron systems.
  • Unconventional superconductivity often emerges near electronic instabilities in these materials.
  • The relationship between superconductivity and other electronic states is complex and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in Ce-based heavy fermion superconductors.
  • To emphasize superconductivity emerging at the boundaries of magnetic and charge instabilities.
  • To discuss quantum phase transitions driven by tuning parameters like pressure, magnetic field, and doping.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and theoretical studies on Ce-based heavy fermion superconductors.
  • Analysis of quantum critical points and their influence on material properties.
  • Investigation of Fermi surface topology evolution across quantum phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Superconductivity frequently appears near magnetic and charge instabilities in heavy fermion systems.
  • Quantum criticality plays a significant role in determining the properties of these superconductors.
  • Multiple quantum critical points can exist, with their classification and unified understanding remaining an open question.

Conclusions:

  • Ce-based heavy fermion superconductors offer a unique platform to study the interplay of correlation, magnetism, and superconductivity.
  • Understanding quantum phase transitions is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms behind unconventional superconductivity.
  • Further research is needed to unify the understanding of multiple quantum critical points and their impact on Fermi surface topology.