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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

58.0K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

76.0K
Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water01:16

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

2.0K
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le...
2.0K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

5.2K
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

136.0K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
136.0K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

15.8K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Hydrogen-Stuffed, Quartz-like Water Ice.

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Researchers elucidated the hexagonal "C₀" phase structure in the hydrogen (H₂) + water (H₂O) system. This chiral structure, resembling quartz, hosts significant hydrogen within zeolite-like channels, relevant for icy planetary bodies.

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Area of Science:

  • High-pressure physics and chemistry
  • Materials science
  • Planetary science

Background:

  • The H₂ + H₂O system is crucial for understanding planetary interiors.
  • A novel phase, C₀, was recently discovered but its structure remained unresolved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of the C₀ phase.
  • To understand the hydrogen storage mechanism within this phase.
  • To assess its relevance to icy planetary bodies.

Main Methods:

  • In situ Raman spectroscopy
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  • Powder X-ray diffraction

Main Results:

  • The C₀ phase forms at ~400 MPa and 280 K with a nominal composition of (H₂O)₂H₂.
  • It possesses a chiral hexagonal structure with interpenetrating spiral chains of water and disordered H₂ molecules.
  • The structure exhibits zeolite-like channels capable of accommodating 5.3% hydrogen by weight.

Conclusions:

  • The C₀ phase represents a unique hydrogen-bonded lattice with potential applications for hydrogen storage.
  • Its structural characteristics and formation conditions are relevant to the thermodynamic environments of icy planetary bodies.