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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.6K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.6K
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

34
A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
34
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.5K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.5K
Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR01:16

Other Nuclides: 31P, 19F, 15N NMR

853
Many organic, inorganic, and biological molecules contain spin-half nuclei such as nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, and phosphorus-31. As a result, NMR studies of these nuclei have found extensive applications in chemical and biological research.
While fluorine-19 and phosphorous-31 have high natural abundances (100%) and positive gyromagnetic ratios, nitrogen-15 has a low natural abundance and a negative gyromagnetic ratio. However, nitrogen-15 is still preferred over nitrogen-14 (which has a...
853
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

5.1K
The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
5.1K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

7.2K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
7.2K

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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Phonons and Phase Transitions in Finite Nuclei.

N V Zamfir1, R F Casten1

  • 1Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|August 24, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Understanding nuclear structure, including vibrational modes and phase transitions in deformed nuclei, remains a key challenge. New experiments explore phonon states and phase coexistence in rare earth and Samarium nuclei.

Keywords:
nuclear phase transitionsphase coexistencephonon states

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear physics
  • Nuclear structure theory
  • Atomic nuclei

Background:

  • The fundamental nature and evolution of nuclear collectivity and coherence are central to nuclear structure.
  • Despite extensive research, the characteristics of nuclear vibrational modes in deformed nuclei and the mechanisms underlying nuclear phase/shape transitions are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nuclear vibrational modes and phase transitions in atomic nuclei.
  • To explore phonon and multi-phonon states in rare earth nuclei.
  • To examine evidence for phase coexistence in Samarium (Sm) nuclei and its implications for transitional behavior in finite nuclei.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of phonon and multi-phonon states.
  • Analysis of phase coexistence phenomena in Samarium isotopes.
  • Theoretical modeling of nuclear structure and transitions.

Main Results:

  • New experimental data on phonon and multi-phonon states in rare earth nuclei were obtained.
  • Evidence for phase coexistence in Samarium nuclei was observed.
  • The findings suggest possible phase transitional behavior in finite nuclei.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides new insights into nuclear vibrational modes and phase transitions.
  • Observed phase coexistence in Samarium nuclei offers a window into transitional nuclear behavior.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand these complex phenomena in nuclear structure.